[Opinion]
Best Interest
Using the Holley factors in child custody cases.
by Hon. Donald Dowd
The presiding judge in a court of general jurisdiction is often
called upon to decide family law cases involving the custody of
children. In making these decisions, the judge has almost unbridled
discretion because the Texas Family Code provides that the court is to
consider the “best interest” of the children.1 That decision
can be extremely difficult in cases where there is little real
difference between the litigants in terms of their suitability to raise
children. Too often, judges merely witness battles of character
assassination by the two competing parents, instead of receiving
relevant information about which parent can really serve the best
interests of the child.
A more convincing case can be made by comparing the abilities of the
parents to meet the particular needs of the child based upon the child’s
current age and development. In a study aimed at helping judges decide
such cases, the American Bar Association recommends that a child’s
development be a paramount consideration of the court.2
While the familiar “best interest of the child” test is to guide the
court, the State Bar of Texas Pattern Jury Charges—Family and Probate
Committee takes the position that “‘best interest of the child’ is not a
legal term having a peculiar meaning unknown to the layperson,” and that
“Texas case law has not developed a definition or list of factors that
is more complete or enlightening than the phrase itself.”3
However, in Holley v. Adams4—a case involving
termination of parental rights—the Texas Supreme Court listed factors a
judge should consider when deciding the “best interest” test.
Many Texas courts have held that the Holley factors should
also be applied in ordinary child custody matters in addition to those
involving termination,5 and from anecdotal evidence in those
cases, it appears that many trial judges use the factors to judge best
interest custody cases. Viewed from the standpoint of the trial judge,
applying the Holley factors may not be that helpful in a case
where each parent is a suitable choice to have primary custody.
To illustrate the difficulty for the court in applying the
Holley factors, assume the following hypothetical: In a pending
divorce, a wife and mother is a registered nurse working a 9 a.m. to 6
p.m. shift, and the husband and father is a peace officer working a
similar shift for the city. Neither parent has ever engaged in any
harmful or illegal activities nor has a substance abuse issue. They have
a 2-year-old boy, a 13-year-old girl who has signed an affidavit stating
that she wants to reside with her mother, and a 16-year-old boy who has
signed an affidavit stating that he wants to reside with his father. The
court agrees to interview both teens in chambers.
Assume the court will consider the nine factors outlined in
Holley. Given the facts shown in the hypothetical, what kind of
evidence is the court looking for in order to give due consideration to
the requirements?
The first Holley factor requires the court to consider the
desires of the child. In this case, the two older children want to
reside with separate parents and the youngest child is too young to make
a choice. Deciding the case solely based on this factor will separate
the teens and will not determine custody of the toddler.
The American Bar Association suggests the second factor—the physical
and emotional needs of the child now and in the future—should be
paramount in the court’s decision but is sometimes neglected by counsel
in the presentation of the evidence.
The third factor—any emotional and physical danger to the child now
and in the future—is not usually present in these types of cases.
The fourth factor—the parental ability of the individual seeking
custody—can be satisfied by showing the parent’s understanding and
involvement with the child’s developmental needs.
The fifth factor—programs available to assist the parent and the
children—can be used in evidence to emphasize those programs available
to meet developmental needs.
The sixth factor—the plans for the child by the parent seeking
custody—and the seventh—the stability of the home for proposed
placement—are also not usually an issue in these types of cases.
The eighth and ninth factors—acts or omissions of the parent that may
indicate that the existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one
and any excuse of the acts or omissions of the parent—are also not
likely to be issues.
Without being provided more information concerning the second
Holley factor, the trial court is left with little evidence to
distinguish between the abilities of each parent to meet those
needs.
The American Bar Association’s A Judge’s Guide: Making
Child-Centered Decisions in Custody Cases6 suggests that
the court should seek answers to relevant questions about which parent
can best meet the developmental needs of the child. Depending on the
child’s age, the guide suggests that the court would benefit from the
attorney asking his or her client at least some of the following
questions:
Infant (birth to 18 months)7
1. How can the parent respond to the child’s needs in eating, sleeping,
and bathing?
2. Is the parent aware of things that could endanger an infant?
3. Has the parent shown capability in supplying basic needs?
4. How is a parent’s physical and psychological health?
5. Does a parent have a substance abuse issue or medical problem? If so,
has the issue been addressed?
Toddler (18 months to 5 years)8
1. What kinds of learning opportunities does the parent create for the
child to master both physical and mental tasks, including language
development?
2. lf the parent is working, are day care arrangements carefully
selected and monitored to ensure that a safe and stimulating environment
is provided for the child?
3. Does the parent provide sufficient opportunities for the child to
socialize with other children and supervise these activities in order to
ensure safety?
4. Does the parent set expectations and rules that promote
self-control and safety?
5. How does each parent support the child’s relationship with the other
parent?
Early Elementary School-Aged Child (5 to 7
years)9
1. How is the parent involved in the child’s community, school, and
religious activities?
2. Does the parent provide the child with time and a place to do
homework, as well as provide assistance when needed?
3. Does the parent communicate with teachers, coaches, and
leaders?
4. How does the parent handle academic difficulties that may require
assessment, intervention, financial resources, and individual help?
5. Knowing a child of this age experiences loyalty conflicts, does the
parent assure the child of a loving relationship with the other
parent?
Older Elementary School-Aged Child (8 to 10
years)10
1. How does the parent encourage the child’s need for productivity and
self-reliance by supporting and facilitating involvement in
activities?
2. Does the parent seem to recognize the importance of peer
friendships and foster these relationships?
3. Is the parent aware of the child’s academic progress, mastery of
material, completion of homework, and any behavioral difficulties in
school?
4. How does the parent minimize loyalty conflicts or prevent the child
from feeling compelled to take sides?
5. Does the parent avoid dwelling on financial or legal concerns with
the child or within the child’s earshot?
Middle School-Aged Child (11 to 13
years)11
1. Is the parent able to contain hostility and negative discussion
about the separation in the presence of the child?
2. Does the parent recognize the younger adolescent’s sensitivity to
criticism at this stage of self-doubt?
3. How flexible and supportive is the parent of peer relationships and
activities?
4. How does the parent help the child remain organized and have a
predictable study area and time, particularly between households?
5. Does the parent know the younger adolescent’s friends and their
parents?
Adolescent or High School-Aged Child (14 to 18
years)12
1. Does the parent support the adolescent’s participation in age
appropriate activities, including financial, transportation, and
psychological support?
2. Does the parent attend events that the adolescent wants the parent
to attend?
3. How well informed is the parent of the adolescent’s school
attendance, standardized and special testing, and history of report
cards?
4. Does the parent help the adolescent evaluate and assess decisions
about the adolescent’s future and help the child plan financially?
5. How does the parent discuss sexuality, healthy relationships, and
other factors that may impact the adolescent, such as substance abuse,
sexually transmitted diseases, and gangs?
Depending upon the age of the child, the attorney who gives the
judge the answers to these questions in close cases such as these may
give the client the slight edge needed to win the case.
To read the additional questions provided in the guide for each age
group, go to americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/images/probono_public_service/ts/judges_guide.pdf.TBJ
HON. DONALD DOWD has been judge of the Cass County Court at Law since 2005 and presides over its drug court. He is a 1973 graduate of Baylor Law School and a life fellow of the Texas Bar Foundation. He has been a presenter for the State Bar and for the Texas Center for the Judiciary and has served on curriculum committees for the center and the National Judicial College. |
The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the policy, position, or views of, and should not be attributed to, the State Bar of Texas.